In the poem “Red Shift”, Ted Berrigan suggests that the views and memories of a person is a very complex and interesting thought process because it changes the person’s personality through events. Berrigan uses other poets’ style of writing to create the complex mind of the speaker. He integrates some aspects of himself through the poem to show an individual taking shape in his poem. The poem, “Red Shift” shows subjects of private matters and events that Berrigan mostly write about and gives off intense emotions. He shows complex emotion and thoughts through fragments, short phrases, contents, and run-on sentence.

At the beginning, Berrigan used Frank O’Hara’s style on the first three lines to show the setting. The setting takes place near the end of winter, so it gives of a sad impression. It is because winter gives a sense of coldness and the feeling of death and from line 6, the speaker started to reminisce the past. In line 7, Berrigan used words that represent sorrow and death. In that line, it says that “…Frank disappearing in the air,” which shows sorrow and death because for someone to actually disappear means that they are dead or their physical being is no long there. It can also mean that the memory of the person begins to disappear from the world. Line 7 also shows a part of Berrigan because Berrigan know a person named Frank. The Frank that Berrigan refers to in the poem is the deceased Frank O’Hara. It gives an intense sorrow feeling in that part of the poem.

• Redshift definition is - a displacement of the spectrum of a celestial body toward longer wavelengths that is a consequence of the Doppler effect or the gravitational field of the source; also: a measurement of a celestial body's redshift equal to the ratio of the displacement of a spectral line to its known unshifted wavelength and used especially to calculate the body's distance from earth.
• Red shift, redshift (noun) (astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum); generally interpreted as evidence that the universe is expanding Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition.
• Red shift is a way astronomers use to tell the distance of any object that is very far away in the Universe. The red shift is one example of the Doppler effect. The easiest way to experience the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train.
• 'Red shift' is a key concept for astronomers. The term can be understood literally - the wavelength of the light is stretched, so the light is seen as 'shifted' towards the red part of the spectrum. Something similar happens to sound waves when a source of sound moves relative to an observer.

A red shift is the spectrum of the star moving away from the Earth.

Berrigan states the memory 20 years back. From lines 11 to 16, it shows the emotions of graceful affection. In the lines 11 and 12, it shows the relationship of a man and a “smiling attentive woman” and the thoughts from the man. To show the affectionate feeling in this memory, Berrigan used small phrases and fragments. From lines 14 to 16, they are filled with phrases of “love, children, hundred of them, money, marriage-ethics, a politics of grace” and other. From those two lines, the speaker speak as if nothing is concealed or hidden and tells of passion of love, children, and money and grace. In line 15, the phrase of “hundreds of them” seems to refer to the children. All the words show a deep passion. Lines 17 and 18 changed the emotion to a bit of despair by the words of “burning even or still, now more than ever…” It shows that something is burning away. It is similar to line 23. From line 19 to22 and 24 to 28, the speaker speaks of duty. Berrigan use the phrase of “both vanish into the thin air we signed up for” in lines 25 and 26 as a sign of obligation and as ones will and choice. Berrigan also used the phrase, “will never leave” in line 27 as if the speaker and the connection cannot end. From line 29, the speaker became contradictive and indecisive. Berrigan used this move to make the character’s thought indistinguishable if the speaker is think in certain way or another. In line 29 and 30, the speaker said when he would die and he said he “will never die” make it hard to figure out if he is thinking of his last days or if he is trying to live past death by will. It shows a bit of anger and superiority. From line 31 to line 37, the speaker talks with superiority. In the last two lines, it becomes indecisive again. It is contradictive to line 32 to33. It makes the speaker again indistinguishable.

In the last section, you used SkyServer to look up redshifts of twelve galaxies. In this section, you will learn how to calculate redshifts for yourself.

Astronomers learn an amazing number of things from analyzing spectra. In this section, you will focus on just one application: you will learn how to measure the redshift of a galaxy from its spectrum, and you will learn how to interpret and use the redshift.

Measuring a redshift or blueshift requires four steps:

1) find the spectrum of something (usually a galaxy) that shows spectral lines
2) from the pattern of lines, identify which line was created by which atom, ion, or molecule
3) measure the shift of any one of those lines with respect to its expected wavelength, as measured in a laboratory on Earth
4) use a formula that relates the observed shift to the object's velocity.

An example will help to show how this works. All spectral lines are created when electrons move around inside atoms. Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and it is often seen in galaxies. The spectrum of a hydrogen-containing region shows a pattern of spectral lines called the 'Balmer series.' The Balmer series is easy to reproduce in a classroom with a hydrogen discharge tube. The force that makes the gas glow is not the same as in galaxies, but the spectrum - the pattern of lines - is the same. Either from your own measurements in the classroom, or by looking the Balmer series up in a table, you know the rest wavelengths of Hydrogen's spectral lines to be as follows: (The wavelengths are given in Angstroms, equal to 100 trillionths of a meter)

The redshift is symbolized by z. The definition of z is

1 + z = l_observed / l_rest.

For example, taking the Balmer gamma line of galaxy 587731512071880746,

1 + z = 4780 / 4340.5 = 1.1, so

z = 0.1.

If the observed wavelength were less than the rest wavelength, z would be negative - that would tell us that we have a blueshift, and the galaxy is approaching us. But it turns out that only almost every galaxy in the sky has a redshift in its spectrum.

Choosing the alpha, beta, or delta lines would also give approximately z = 0.1 - the measured redshift does not depend on which line you choose. If you get very different redshifts when you use different lines, then you probably have not correctly identified at least one of the lines.

Sometimes we instead want to express a galaxy's redshift as the speed with which the galaxy moves away from us, in units of km/sec.

To convert from redshift z to velocity v measured in kilometers per second, the formula is

v = c z,

where c is the speed of light, c = 300,000 km/sec.

Thus, in this example, galaxy 587731512071880746 appears to be moving away from us at about 30,000 km/sec. This value is typical of the galaxy redshifts found in the SkyServer database.

Since the formula can be rewritten as z = v / c, it shows you how to interpret z: z measures the galaxy's speed away from us relative to the speed of light.

Up to this point things are straightforward, but this definition of z is tricky for two reasons. First, the formula v = c z is accurate only when z is small compared to 1.0 (0.1 would be OK in this sense). For high velocities, those that approach the cosmic speed limit - the speed of light - Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity says that a more complicated formula is needed. Second, while we often speak of the 'motion of the galaxies,' which implies motion through space, in fact the picture is that space itself is expanding. The galaxies are not moving through space, but just being carried along by space as it expands (see the Conclusion for more about this concept). In this picture, the redshift of a galaxy is not supposed to be interpreted as a velocity at all, even though the observed redshift looks just like a Doppler effect redshift.

Rather, the redshift tells us the size of the universe at the time the light left the galaxy. Because the universe is billions of light-years across, it takes billions of years for light from distant galaxies to reach us. Suppose the distance to galaxy 587731512071880746 was
d(z) at the time the light left it that we are now observing (for z = 0.1, this time was roughly a billion years ago). In those billion years, the space in the universe has expanded, so that now the distance between our galaxy and it is d(0). Then

1 + z = d(0) / d(z).

We interpret this formula to mean this: at the time corresponding to redshift z = 0.1, all galaxies in the universe were 10% closer together. A measured value of z = 0.2 corresponds to a time when galaxies were 20% closer together than they are now, and so on.

Explain Red Shift

Now that you know what redshift is and how to measure it, you are ready to return to the sample galaxies from the last section.

Meaning Of Red Shift